NNMT inhibitor
5-Amino-1MQ(5-amino-1-methylquinolinium)
Target: Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT)
A membrane-permeable small molecule that selectively inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, an enzyme that methylates nicotinamide and influences cellular NAD+ and methyl-donor balance.
Studied in adipocyte cell models and rodent metabolic models to examine how NNMT activity relates to NAD+ salvage and cellular energy expenditure.
Modified growth hormone fragment
AOD-9604(hGH fragment 176-191 (Tyr-modified))
Target: Lipid metabolism pathways (non-GH-receptor)
A synthetic analogue of the C-terminal region (residues 176-191) of human growth hormone with an added N-terminal tyrosine. It was designed to isolate the lipolytic region of the GH molecule.
Investigated in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism research, where it is studied separately from the growth-promoting activity of full-length growth hormone.
Synthetic tetrapeptide
Epitalon(Epithalon, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly)
Target: Telomerase and pineal signaling (proposed)
A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) modeled on epithalamin, a polypeptide extract of the pineal gland.
Appears in cell-culture research on telomerase activity and telomere length, and in studies of pineal and circadian signaling.
Copper-binding tripeptide
GHK-Cu(Copper tripeptide-1)
Target: Copper transport, extracellular matrix signaling
The tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine complexed with copper(II). GHK occurs naturally in human plasma and binds copper with high affinity.
Widely studied in fibroblast and skin-model research on collagen and extracellular matrix synthesis, wound models, and gene-expression profiling.
Endogenous tripeptide antioxidant
Glutathione(Reduced glutathione (GSH))
Target: Redox balance, glutathione-dependent enzymes
The tripeptide gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, the most abundant non-protein thiol in mammalian cells and a central part of the cellular antioxidant system.
A standard reagent in oxidative-stress research, detoxification enzyme assays and studies of cellular redox state.
Redox coenzyme
NAD+(Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Target: Sirtuins, PARPs, mitochondrial respiration
An essential coenzyme that carries electrons in metabolic redox reactions and serves as a substrate for sirtuin and PARP enzymes.
Central to research on cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, DNA repair and the biology of aging, where NAD+ levels are a frequent study variable.